Mint.com is a personal finance site that won the judges’ award at TechCrunch40 the same year that Metaplace won the audience award. It helps you do budgeting and other such dull tasks, all in slick interface.
Despite the zillions of products out there to do this, we still managed to wheel, deal, and borrow ourselves into a financial crisis (that is still ongoing, though swine flu may be eclipsing it just now). Clearly, something was lacking in the appeal here, for if said product category were truly successful, we wouldn’t be in this fix.
Now, Mint is in closed beta on a feature that turns personal finance into a game, complete with points earned for doing things like socking away some cash into the savings account each month, or switching to a credit card with annual rewards. Get enough points in a sustained way, and you too can be a Financial Guru.
This seems like a fairly straightforward harnessing of game-style incentive systems towards a laudable goal (though I should note that said credit card with rewards is likely from one of Mint’s partners). But honestly — money is points anyway, isn’t it? Why is it that we value the cash less than the flat-screen TV?
There’s probably piles of psychological and economic literature on the subject. For example, it has often been commented that we are more willing to spend credit than cash, because it seems “less real.” For that matter, humans shop for comfort — sadness spurs spending, because it makes us happy to acquire things, and happy to buy things for others.
Of course, as all good readers of A Theory of Fun for Game Design know, anytime we see “makes us happy” we should be slightly suspicious, because it means “gives us a jolt of drugs.”
Not very long ago I made a very small Easter Egg hunt game for Metaplace Central. The rules were simple:
- Every 60 seconds, a new egg would spawn.
- Sometimes they would spawn behind stuff, completely invisible and inaccessible.
- There were never more than 25 of them around at once.
- The eggs appeared, then tilted over slightly.
- The eggs were colored random bright colors.
- The eggs had to be picked up within 60 seconds or they would vanish.
- You could pick them up by clicking on them — no matter how far away you were.
- As soon as you picked one up, everyone heard a chime sound.
- As soon as you picked one up, a big counter appeared over your head, showing how many eggs you had collected, and the color of the last one.
- If you logged out, the counter disappeared, and you started over from zero.
The Easter egg hunt in Metaplace Central, as Grace McDunnough reaches 1000 eggs found
Now, there’s no reward in this game, there’s no winner or loser, and there’s no endgame. Yet even during testing, I had to tear myself away, and when put into Metaplace Central, average session length for the day went up 50%. But… in some sense, it’s a crummy game. Why this effect? Because the Easter Egg hunt is a confluence of a lot of highly manipulative tricks.
- Because eggs would often spawn in a concealed location and then clean themselves up, the spawn rate did not in fact appear regular. It was just random enough to hover at the edge of our prediction capability.
- The appearance, followed by moving, engaged basic hunting circuits in our brain; if the egg just appeared and didn’t move, they would not be nearly as compelling to search for on screen.
- The random bright colors also engage something deep in our brains. The makers of Bejeweled found that when they skinned the game with gems (something that triggers our acquisitive urges) as opposed to something else, people enjoyed the game more. Humans like shiny pretties.
- The fact that eggs would vanish if not collected provided a sense of urgency to the task, forcing attention.
- The chime provided a predictable reinforcement to the behavior, but given the rest of the mechanics, you were on a random reinforcement schedule (which is known to be the most addictive). Soon you were conditioned to want the chime, and hearing the chime going off on someone else occasioned mild frustration.
- The highly visible counter encouraged measuring against other users, but the “last egg collected” device was subtler and sneakier: it created a sense of ownership. It looked like you had a thing. You could also see it changing on other users, and know that they were making progress.
- Once there was a sense of “possession,” logging out became harder. There was nothing to spend the eggs on. But they also weren’t merely points — they were “stuff” you would “lose.”
In short, the Easter Egg hunt, crude as it was, had plenty of opportunity to insert a lot of deeply manipulative game mechanic tactics that create addiction, attention, and loyalty. Now, eventually, it did wear thin — as a pure accumulation minigame, there was not a lot of depth to it, and the choices users could make quckly palled. But at its core, what we had here was the basic acquisition mechanic of an RPG, in its bare bones form.
In Ultima Online, people preferred to hoard shirts than hoard gold. This is also the basic acquisitive mechanic at work. People like “stuff” more than they like money. Money is merely “potential stuff” because it has still left a choice open. Final rewards in games are things that you cannot make choices about.
In this sense, financial management websites tend to fail because it’s sort of like doing financial management on those tickets you get at carnivals or Dave & Buster’s. They’re signifiers of a future reward, not the reward itself. Similarly, non-tangible cash in bank accounts reported merely via a number may in fact seem less real than the points on Mint’s game system dashboard! After all, you can’t spend the points.
If those Easter eggs were something you spent, the game would have lost a lot of its addictiveness, unless you spent them on something else that you got to keep. Preferably, something you can choose from a broad array of goods at different values, so that you get a rich choice that keeps you dithering; because the natural follow-on the moment after purchase, by the way, is dissatisfaction. The dissatisfaction is displaced onto you if it was your choice; if Dave & Buster’s picked the item for you, you would be mad at them instead.
It may be that one reason why we used to be thriftier is simply because the money we hoarded was more tangible… gold coins trigger the brain’s systems in a way that a bank balance does not. This is what the Mint point system is designed to supplement: by creating a non-fungible point system, the game is giving you something other than real-world stuff onto which to displace your acquisitiveness, a “virtual stuff.” It would do even better, perhaps, if the points were gems or something else more “stuff-like” in terms of its representation.
Of course, unless there is social validation, then even that stuff may not mean much. Recently, there have been a few news articles about the practice of pushing energy and water conservation by displaying your neighbors’ consumption rates to you. The social pressure pushes you to use less. Similarly, when your neighbors model conspicuous consumption, we model that as well — it’s called “keeping up with the Joneses.” Providing Mint users a public comparison table so that users could compete on points and show off their frugality would reinforce the system quite dramatically, just as the highly visible egg counter did.
This is why in WoW it’s all about wearing that full set of (honestly, kind of pointless) armor: it’s a status symbol, the way that jewelry is. (Jewelry, by the way, is an industry that has mastered much of the above!)
PS, to address the recent controversy, this was a game design blog post. 😉
16 Responses to “Why Isn’t Money Points?”
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>But honestly — money is points anyway
Plenty of examples of the very wealthy and certainly financial execs using their crazy salaries and wealth just as a “way of keeping score” – so it works both ways: They have money but use it as points for a game!
On the value of the flat screen, two thoughts: (1) people can get it on credit, so it’s like an exploit to give the appearance of having levelled up, and (2) because it’s visible to others.
I wonder if “potential stuff” is more satisfying to Perception types (Myers-Briggs) than it is to Judgment types. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers_Briggs_Type_Indicator
Don´t be apologetic about verring away from explicit game design, it´s all the same sphere in the end.
A great MMO, trading markets, makes one´s psychology about money turn inside out, and as Kim notes the cash==points. Actually, successful traders blur out the psychological noise of “oh I´m up $1234.56 right now” a tick later, “damn I´m only up $1198.43, why didn´t I take that extra thirty six bucks and thirteen cents, I could´ve gotten several meals at Chipotle with that!” Playing that game is really about hit rates and win/loss ratio, most successful traders use automatic limit orders rather than real-time market orders. What´s interesting about this is that most long-term “investors”, i.e. purchasers of Wall St./financial media propaganda and associated products, have a psychology that they really own something when they buy soybean futures or shares of Cisco, they think “now I´ve got 100 bushels of soybeans, now I´ve got this small sliver of a major corporation”. Pros know that a chart is a chart is a chart and fundamentals are just a clue to how much money might surge through to move that chart. So the average investor is pursueing a sense of possesing a piece of their society, while successful traders are pursueing a net % gain per month.
I’m not sure that armor is the status symbol in wow- I think that’s more related to acheivements, pets and mounts. Better armor is only useless in the sense that playing the game at all is useless- just a time wasting diversion from being productive. But better gear in wow means being better able to help your friends and yourself enjoy certain aspects of the game (heroic difficulty dungeons for example). But yes, pets, mounts, event rewards- egg hunts are under way right now in WoW, with similar spawning/respawning eggs hidden around. Also, interestingly another achievement which involves, essentially a virtualized minor sexual assault on other players (nonconsenting placing of bunny ears on opposite sex players of level (age) 18 or higher).
Don´t be apologetic about verring away from explicit game design, it´s all the same sphere in the end.
A great MMO, trading markets, makes one´s psychology about money turn inside out, and as Kim notes the cash==points. Actually, successful traders blur out the psychological noise of “oh I´m up $1234.56 right now” a tick later, “damn I´m only up $1198.43, why didn´t I take that extra thirty six bucks and thirteen cents, I could´ve gotten several meals at Chipotle with that!” Playing that game is really about hit rates and win/loss ratio, most successful traders use automatic limit orders rather than real-time market orders. What´s interesting about this is that most long-term “investors”, i.e. purchasers of Wall St./financial media propaganda and associated products, have a psychology that they really own something when they buy soybean futures or shares of Cisco, they think “now I´ve got 100 bushels of soybeans, now I´ve got this small sliver of a major corporation”. Pros know that a chart is a chart is a chart and fundamentals are just a clue to how much money might surge through to move that chart. So the average investor is pursueing a sense of possesing a piece of their society, while successful traders are pursueing a net % gain per month.
P.S. – Sorry, forgot to tell you great post!
There’s quite a bit of dissatisfaction in WoW over the armor sets. Players don’t choose them, they are chosen for them. Some games have gone to a system that allows the player to switch out the stats of different armors, so the choice becomes the player’s.
>>>>But honestly — money is points anyway, isn’t it? Why is it that we value the cash less than the flat-screen TV?<<<<
No. Money is not the same as points. Money is a Method.
Money is simply a means to barter. The TV represents a desire. We value the TV because it satisfies our needs (one that in a very twisted way does fall in Maslow’s pyramid).
Money is a tool. Like most tools rusting in people’s garages and basements, we only use them when we need them. The caveat, of course, is the craftsman who sees his or her tools as a lifestyle, not unlike the way truly cash rich people see their money.
Further, the methods employed to accrue money, and get better at the skill of accruing money is a pure math and the art of the deal is arcane at best. These are not simple skills to learn, while scoring points in most games is a relatively simple stimulus and response by design.
On the thought of the very rich, maybe that’s why once one’s finances pass a certain threshold, money stops being something you buy things with and starts simply being a score (somewhat using Raph’s language, since you lose the ability to make meaningful-feeling choices once the sheer amount of money diminishes the sense of opportuity cost associated with spending it). Maybe that’s why people in that position can seem even *more* money hungry when logically, from the outside, they should be less.
In other words, get rich enough and it *does* turn into a score, and become addictive in that sense.
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